Un nuevo descubrimiento transforma nuestra comprensión de los cristales

Un nuevo estudio encuentra que las estructuras cristalinas, cruciales para la ciencia y las tecnologías de los materiales, como los semiconductores y los paneles solares, no siempre están necesariamente dispuestas de manera uniforme. Descubrieron que el apilamiento aleatorio de capas hexagonales (RHCP), que antes se consideraba un estado de transición, es probable que sea estable y pueda proporcionar nuevas propiedades útiles en materiales de múltiples especies, como el carburo de silicio que se usa en electrónica de alto voltaje y chalecos antibalas.

Las creencias anteriores fueron anuladas por el descubrimiento de estructuras dispuestas irregularmente.

Para muchos, la palabra “cristales” evoca imágenes de la luz del sol que crea prismas de colores del arco iris o piedras translúcidas que se cree que tienen poderes curativos. Pero en ciencia e ingeniería, los cristales adquieren una definición más técnica. Son vistos como sustancias cuyos componentes, ya sean átomos, moléculas o nanopartículas, están dispuestos regularmente en el espacio. En otras palabras, los cristales se identifican por la disposición regular de sus componentes. Los ejemplos familiares incluyen diamantes, sal de mesa y terrones de azúcar.

Sang Woo Lee. Crédito: Instituto Politécnico Rensselaer

Contrariamente a esta definición ampliamente aceptada, un estudio reciente dirigido por Sangwoo Lee, profesor asistente en el Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Biológica del Instituto Politécnico Rensselaer, revela un aspecto interesante de las estructuras cristalinas, que revela que la disposición de los componentes dentro de los cristales no lo es. Siempre necesariamente regular.

Este descubrimiento avanza en el campo de la ciencia de los materiales y tiene implicaciones no realizadas para los materiales utilizados en él.[{” attribute=””>semiconductors, solar panels, and electric vehicle technologies.

One of the most common and important classes of crystal structures is the close-packed structures of regular spheres constructed by stacking layers of spheres in a honeycomb arrangement. There are many ways to stack the layers to construct close-packed structures, and how nature selects specific stacking is an important question in materials and physics research. In the close-packing construction, there is a very unusual structure with irregularly spaced constituents known as the random stacking of two-dimensional hexagonal layers (RHCP). This structure was first observed from cobalt metal in 1942, but it has been regarded as a transitional and energetically unpreferred state.

Lee’s research group collected X-ray scattering data from soft model nanoparticles made of polymers and realized that the scattering data contains important results about RHCP but is very complicated. Then, Patrick Underhill, professor in Rensselaer’s Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, enabled the analysis of the scattering data using the supercomputer system, Artificial Intelligence Multiprocessing Optimized System (AiMOS), at the Center for Computational Innovations.

“What we found is that the RHCP structure is, very likely, a stable structure, and this is the reason that RHCP has been widely observed in many materials and naturally occurring crystal systems,” said Lee. “This finding challenges the classical definition of crystals.”

The study provides insights into the phenomenon known as polytypism, which enables the formation of RHCP and other close-packed structures. A representative material with polytypism is silicon carbide, widely used for high-voltage electronics in electric vehicles and as hard materials for body armor. Lee’s team’s findings indicate that those polytypic materials may have continuous structural transitions, including the non-classical random arrangements with new useful properties.

“The problem of how soft particles pack seems straightforward, but even the most basic questions are challenging to answer,” said Kevin Dorfman of the University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, who is unaffiliated with this research. “This paper provides compelling evidence for a continuous transition between face-centered cubic (FCC) and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) lattices, which implies a stable random hexagonal close-packed phase between them and, thus, makes an important breakthrough in materials science.”

“I am particularly pleased with this discovery, which shows the power of advanced computation to make an important breakthrough in materials science by decoding the molecular level structures in soft materials,” said Shekhar Garde, dean of Rensselaer’s School of Engineering. “Lee and Underhill’s work at Rensselaer also promises to open up opportunities for many technological applications for these new materials.”

Reference: “Continuous transition of colloidal crystals through stable random orders” by Juhong Ahn, Liwen Chen, Patrick T. Underhill, Guillaume Freychet, Mikhail Zhernenkovc and Sangwoo Lee, 14 April 2023, Soft Matter.
DOI: 10.1039/D3SM00199G

Lee and Underhill were joined in research by Rensselaer’s Juhong Ahn, Liwen Chen of the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, and Guillaume Freychet and Mikhail Zhernenkov of Brookhaven National Laboratory.