Colisión cósmica que sacudirá el universo

La estrella más pequeña, más brillante y más caliente (a la izquierda), que tiene una masa de 32 veces la de nuestro Sol, actualmente está perdiendo masa frente a su compañera más grande (a la derecha), que tiene una masa de 55 veces la de nuestro Sol. Sol. Las estrellas son blancas y azules porque son muy calientes: 43 000 y 38 000 grados Kelvin, respectivamente. Crédito: UCL/J.daSilva

Dos estrellas de contacto masivas en una galaxia vecina están en camino de convertirse en agujeros negros que eventualmente chocarán entre sí, generando ondas en el tejido del espacio-tiempo, revela un nuevo estudio realizado por investigadores del University College London y la Universidad de Potsdam.

El estudio es aceptado para su publicación en la revista Astronomía y astrofísicaobservó una estrella binaria conocida (dos estrellas que orbitan alrededor de un centro de gravedad mutuo) y analizó la luz de las estrellas obtenida de una combinación de telescopios terrestres y espaciales.

Los investigadores encontraron que las estrellas, ubicadas en una galaxia enana vecina llamada Pequeña Nube de Magallanes, están en contacto parcial e intercambian material entre sí, con una estrella alimentándose actualmente de la otra. Se orbitan entre sí cada tres días y son las estrellas de contacto más grandes (conocidas como binarias de contacto) observadas hasta la fecha.

Comparando los resultados de sus observaciones con los modelos teóricos de la evolución de las estrellas binarias, encontraron que en el modelo de mejor ajuste, la estrella que actualmente se alimenta se convertirá en un agujero negro y se alimentará de su estrella compañera. La estrella restante se convertirá[{” attribute=””>black hole shortly after.

These black holes will form in only a couple of million years, but will then orbit each other for billions of years before colliding with such force that they will generate gravitational waves – ripples in the fabric of space-time – that could theoretically be detected with instruments on Earth.

PhD student Matthew Rickard (UCL Physics & Astronomy), lead author of the study, said: “Thanks to gravitational wave detectors Virgo and LIGO, dozens of black hole mergers have been detected in the last few years. But so far we have yet to observe stars that are predicted to collapse into black holes of this size and merge in a time scale shorter than or even broadly comparable to the age of the universe.

“Our best-fit model suggests these stars will merge as black holes in 18 billion years. Finding stars on this evolutionary pathway so close to our Milky Way galaxy presents us with an excellent opportunity learn even more about how these black hole binaries form.” 

Co-author Daniel Pauli, a PhD student at the University of Potsdam, said: “This binary star is the most massive contact binary observed so far. The smaller, brighter, hotter star, 32 times the mass of the Sun, is currently losing mass to its bigger companion, which has 55 times our Sun’s mass.”

The black holes that astronomers see merge today formed billions of years ago, when the universe had lower levels of iron and other heavier elements. The proportion of these heavy elements has increased as the universe has aged and this makes black hole mergers less likely. This is because stars with a higher proportion of heavier elements have stronger winds and they blow themselves apart sooner.

The well-studied Small Magellanic Cloud, about 210,000 light-years from Earth, has by a quirk of nature about a seventh of the iron and other heavy metal abundances of our own Milky Way galaxy. In this respect, it mimics conditions in the universe’s distant past. But unlike older, more distant galaxies, it is close enough for astronomers to measure the properties of individual and binary stars.

In their study, the researchers measured different bands of light coming from the binary star (spectroscopic analysis), using data obtained over multiple periods of time by instruments on NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on ESO’s Very Large Telescope in Chile, among other telescopes, in wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet to optical to near-infrared.

With this data, the team were able to calculate the radial velocity of the stars – that is, the movement they made towards or away from us – as well as their masses, brightness, temperature and orbits. They then matched these parameters with the best-fit evolutionary model.

Their spectroscopic analysis indicated that much of the outer envelope of the smaller star had been stripped away by its larger companion. They also observed the radius of both stars exceeded their Roche lobe – that is, the region around a star where material is gravitationally bound to that star – confirming that some of the smaller star’s material is overflowing and transferring to the companion star.

Talking through the future evolution of the stars, Rickard explained: “The smaller star will become a black hole first, in as little as 700,000 years, either through a spectacular explosion called a supernova or it may be so massive as to collapse into a black hole with no outward explosion.

“They will be uneasy neighbors for around three million years before the first black hole starts accreting mass from its companion, taking revenge on its companion.”

Pauli, who conducted the modeling work, added: “After only 200,000 years, an instant in astronomical terms, the companion star will collapse into a black hole as well. These two massive stars will continue to orbit each other, going round and round every few days for billions of years.

“Slowly they will lose this orbital energy through the emission of gravitational waves until they orbit each other every few seconds, finally merging together in 18 billion years with a huge release of energy through gravitational waves.”

Reference: “A low-metallicity massive contact binary undergoing slow Case A mass transfer: A detailed spectroscopic and orbital analysis of SSN 7 in NGC 346 in the SMC” by M. J. Rickard and D. Pauli, Accepted, Astronomy & Astrophysics.
DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/202346055